th icaac, san francisco, ca, september delmas g, perlin d, chen zw and zarif l amphotericin � cochleates evaluation for the oral treatment of aspergillosis in murine model, the th international symposium of controlled release of bioactive materials, san diego, ca, june , pp delmas g, park s, chen lithium ion battery manufactures zw, tan f, kashiwazaki r, zarif l and perlin ds efficacy of orally delivered cochleates containing amphotericin � in a murine model of aspergillosis antimicrob lithium ion battery manufactures agents chemother graybill jr, navjar l, bocanegra r, scolpino a, mannino rj and zarif l a new lipid vehicle for amphotericin b, abstract, th icaac, san franscisco, ca, september, abs delmarre d, lu r, taton n, krauseelsmore s, gouldfogerite s and mannino rj cochleatemediated delivery formulation of hydrophobic drugs into cochleate delivery vehicles a simplified protocol & bioral formulation kit drug del techno lithium ion battery manufactures l ramani � and balasubramanian s fluorescence properties of laurdan in cochleate phases bioehim biophys acta l rex jh, walsh tj, sobel jd, filler sg, pappas pg, dismukes we and edwards je practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis infectious diseases society of america clin infect dis saag ms, graybill rj, larsen ra, pappas pg, perfect jr, powderly wg, sobel jd and lithium ion battery manufactures dismukes we practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease infectious diseases society lithium ion battery manufactures of america clin infect dis stevens da, kan vl, judson ma, morrison lithium ion battery manufactures va, dummer s, dening dw, bennett je, walsh tj, patterson tf and pankay lithium ion battery manufactures ga practice guidelines for diseases caused by aspergillus infectious diseases society of america clin infect dis hiemenz jw and walsh tj lipid formulations of amphotericin b recent progress and future directions clin infect dis suppl graybill ultram pharmacy jr, najvar lk, bocanegra r, scolpino a, mannino rj and zarif l cochleate a lithium ion battery manufactures new lipid vehicle for amphotericin b icaac abs zarif l, graybill j, lithium ion battery manufactures najvar l, perlin d and mannino rj amphotericin � cochleates novel lipidbased drug delivery system for the treatment of systemic fungal infections, th ishalm world congress, may , buenos aires, argenti segarra i, movshin da and zarif l extensive tissue distribution of amphotericin � after intravenous administration in cochleate vehicle to lithium ion battery manufactures mice th international symposium on controlled release of bioactive materials, seoul, korea segarra i, movshin d and zarif l pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution after intravenous administration of a single dose of amphotericin � cochleates, a new lipid lithium ion battery manufactures based delivery system pharm sci legrand p, vertutdoi a and bolard j comparative lithium ion battery manufactures internalization and recycling of different amphotericin � formulations by a macrophagelike cell line antimicrob chemother bratosin d, mazurier j, tissier jp, slomianny c, estaquier j, russomarie f, huart jj, freyssinet jm, aminoff d, ameisen jc and montreuil lithium ion battery manufactures j molecular mechanism of erythrophagocytosis characterization of the senescent erythrocytes that are phagocy tized by macrophages cr acad sci paris sciences de la vielife sci popescu c, adams l, franzblau s and zarif l cochleates potentiate the efficacy of the antimycobacterial drug, clofazimine icaac abs jin t cochleates without metal cations as bridging agents us patent application slayton w, anstine d, lakhdir f, sleasman j and neiberger r tetany in a child with aids receiving intravenous tobramycin south med j keating mj, sethi mr, bodey gp and samaan na hypocalcemia with hypopara thyroidism and renal tubular dysfunction associated with aminoglycoside therapy cancer rrc new ed, liposomes, a practical approach, irl press, oxford university lithium ion battery manufactures press, new york gouldfogerite s, mazurkiewicz je, raska � jr, voelkerding k, lehman jm and mannino rj gene perez o, brach g, lastre m, mora n, del campo j, gil d, zayas c, acevedo r, gonzales d, lithium ion battery manufactures lopez j, taboada � and solis rl novel adjuvant based on a proteoliposomederived lithium ion battery manufactures cochleate structure containing native polysaccharide as a pathogenassociated molecular pattern immunol cell biol aerosols as drug carriers n renee labiris, andrew p bosco and myrna b dolovich introduction as the end organ for the treatment of local diseases or as the route of administration for systemic therapies, the lung is a very attractive target for drug delivery table the lung provides direct access to the site of disease for the treatment of respiratory illness, without the inefficiencies and unwanted effects of systemic drug delivery in addition, it provides an enormous surface area and a relatively low enzymatic environment for lithium ion battery manufactures the absorption of drugs to treat systemic diseases table inhaled medications have been available for many years for the treatment of lung diseases inhalational delivery has been widely accepted as being the optimal route of administration of first line therapy for asthmatic and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases drug formulation plays lithium ion battery manufactures an important role in producing an effective inhalable medication in addition to being pharmacologically active, it is important that a drug be efficiently delivered into the lungs, to the appropriate site of action and remain in the lungs lithium ion battery manufactures until the desired pharmacological effect occurs a drug designed to treat a lithium ion battery manufactures systemic disease, such as insulin for diabetes, must be deposited in the lung periphery to ensure maximum systemic bioavailability for gene therapy, anti cancer or anti infective treatment, cellular uptake and prolonged residence in the lungs of the drug may be required to obtain the optimal therapeutic effect thus, a lithium ion battery manufactures formulation that is retained in the lungs for the desired length of time lithium ion battery manufactures and avoids the clearance mechanisms of the lung may be necessary the lithium ion battery manufactures human lung contains airways and approximately million alveoli with a surface area of m, equivalent to that of a tennis court as a major port of table advantages of pulmonary delivery of drugs to treat respiratory and systemic disease treatment of respiratory diseasestreatment of systemic diseases deliver high drug concentrations lithium ion battery manufactures directly to the disease site minimizes risk of systemic side accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion effects rapid clinical response bypass the barriers to therapeutic efficacy, such as poor gastrointestinal absorption lithium ion battery manufactures and firstpass metabolism in the liver achieve a similar or superior therapeutic effect at a fraction of the systemic dose for example, oral salbutamol mg is therapeutically equivalent to xg by mdi a noninvasive needlefree delivery system lithium ion battery manufactures suitable for a wide range of substances from small molecules to very large proteins enormous absorptive surface area m and a highly permeable membrane to fim thickness in the alveolar region large molecules with very low absorption rates can be absorbed in significant quantities the slow mucociliary clearance in the lung periphery results in prolonged residency in the lung a less harsh, low enzymatic environment avoids firstpass metabolism reproducible absorption kinetics pulmonary delivery is independent of dietary complications, extracellular enzymes and interpatient metabolic differences that affect gastrointestinal absorption entry, the lung has evolved to prevent the invasion of unwanted airborne particles from entering into the body airway geometry, humidity, mucociliary clearance and alveolar macrophages play a vital role in maintaining the sterility of the lung, lithium ion battery manufactures and consequently, they can be barriers to the therapeutic effectiveness of inhaled medications lithium ion battery manufactures the size of the drug particle can play an important role in avoiding the physiological barriers of the lung and targeting to the appropriate lung region fig nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from to nm studies have demonstrated that they are taken up by macrophages, cancer cells, lithium ion battery manufactures and epithelial cells their small size ensures the particles containing the active lithium ion battery manufactures pharmacological ingredient will reach the alveolar regions however, the use of an aerosol delivery system that generates nanosized particles for inhalation, places these particles at risk of being exhaled, leaving very few drug particles to be deposited in lithium ion battery manufactures the periphery of the lung residence time is not long enough for lithium ion battery manufactures the particles to be deposited by sedimentation or diffusion aerosols as drug carriers diffusionseemntationinertia!