th icaac, san francisco, ca, september delmas g, perlin d, chen zw and zarif l amphotericin � cochleates evaluation for the oral treatment accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion of aspergillosis in murine model, the th international symposium of controlled release of bioactive materials, san diego, ca, june , pp delmas g, park s, chen accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion zw, tan f, kashiwazaki r, zarif l and perlin ds efficacy of orally delivered cochleates containing amphotericin � in a murine model of aspergillosis antimicrob accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion agents chemother graybill jr, navjar l, bocanegra r, scolpino a, mannino rj and accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion zarif l a new lipid vehicle for amphotericin b, abstract, th icaac, san franscisco, ca, september, abs delmarre d, lu r, taton n, krauseelsmore s, accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion gouldfogerite s and mannino rj cochleatemediated delivery formulation of hydrophobic drugs into cochleate delivery vehicles a simplified protocol & bioral formulation kit drug del techno l ramani � and balasubramanian s fluorescence properties of laurdan in cochleate phases bioehim biophys acta l rex jh, walsh tj, sobel jd, filler sg, pappas pg, dismukes we and edwards je practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis infectious diseases society of america clin infect dis saag ms, graybill rj, larsen ra, pappas pg, perfect jr, powderly wg, sobel jd and dismukes we practice guidelines for the management of cryptococcal disease infectious diseases society accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion of america clin infect dis stevens da, kan vl, judson ma, morrison accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion va, dummer s, dening dw, bennett je, walsh tj, patterson tf and pankay accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion ga practice guidelines for diseases caused by aspergillus infectious diseases society of accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion america clin infect dis hiemenz jw and walsh tj lipid formulations of amphotericin b recent progress and future directions clin infect dis suppl graybill jr, najvar lk, bocanegra r, scolpino a, mannino rj and zarif l cochleate a new lipid vehicle for amphotericin b icaac abs zarif l, graybill j, accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion najvar l, perlin d and mannino rj amphotericin � cochleates novel lipidbased drug delivery system for the treatment of systemic fungal infections, th ishalm world congress, may , buenos aires, argenti segarra i, movshin da and zarif l accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion extensive tissue distribution of amphotericin � after intravenous administration in cochleate vehicle to accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion mice th international symposium on controlled release of bioactive materials, seoul, korea accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion segarra i, movshin d and zarif l pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution after intravenous accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion administration of a single dose of amphotericin � cochleates, a new lipid based delivery system pharm sci legrand p, vertutdoi a and bolard j comparative accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion internalization and recycling of different amphotericin � formulations by a macrophagelike cell accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion line antimicrob chemother bratosin d, mazurier j, tissier jp, slomianny c, estaquier j, russomarie f, huart jj, freyssinet jm, aminoff d, ameisen jc and montreuil accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion j molecular mechanism of erythrophagocytosis characterization of the senescent erythrocytes that are phagocy accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion tized by macrophages cr acad sci paris sciences de la vielife sci popescu c, adams l, franzblau s and zarif l cochleates potentiate the efficacy accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion of the antimycobacterial drug, clofazimine icaac abs jin t cochleates without metal cations as bridging agents us patent application slayton w, anstine d, lakhdir f, accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion sleasman j and neiberger r tetany in a child with aids receiving intravenous tobramycin south med j keating mj, sethi mr, bodey gp and samaan na hypocalcemia with hypopara thyroidism and renal tubular dysfunction associated with aminoglycoside therapy cancer rrc new ed, liposomes, a practical approach, irl press, oxford university press, new york gouldfogerite s, mazurkiewicz je, raska � jr, voelkerding k, accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion lehman jm and mannino rj gene perez o, brach g, lastre m, mora accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion n, del campo j, gil d, zayas c, acevedo r, gonzales d, lopez j, taboada � and solis rl novel adjuvant based on a proteoliposomederived accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion cochleate structure containing native polysaccharide as a pathogenassociated molecular pattern immunol cell biol aerosols as drug carriers n renee labiris, andrew p bosco and myrna b dolovich introduction as the end organ for the treatment of local diseases or as the route of administration for systemic therapies, the lung accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion is a very attractive target for drug delivery table the lung provides direct access to the site of disease for the treatment of respiratory illness, accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion without the inefficiencies and unwanted effects of systemic drug delivery in addition, it accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion provides an enormous surface area and a relatively low enzymatic environment for the absorption of drugs to treat systemic diseases table inhaled medications have been available for many years for the treatment of lung diseases inhalational delivery accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion has been widely accepted as being the optimal route of administration of first line therapy for asthmatic and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases drug formulation plays accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion an important role in producing an effective inhalable medication in addition to being pharmacologically active, it is important that a drug be efficiently delivered into the lungs, to the appropriate site of action and remain in the lungs accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion until the desired pharmacological effect occurs a drug designed to treat a systemic disease, such as insulin for diabetes, must be deposited in the lung periphery to ensure maximum systemic bioavailability for gene therapy, anti cancer or anti infective treatment, cellular uptake and prolonged residence in the lungs of the accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion drug may be required to obtain the optimal therapeutic effect thus, a formulation that is retained in the lungs for the desired length of time accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion and avoids the clearance mechanisms of the lung may be necessary the accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion human lung contains airways and approximately million alveoli with a surface area of m, equivalent to that of a tennis court as a major port accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion of table advantages of pulmonary delivery of drugs to treat respiratory and systemic disease treatment of respiratory diseasestreatment of systemic diseases deliver high drug concentrations directly to the disease site minimizes risk of systemic side effects rapid clinical accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion response bypass the barriers to therapeutic efficacy, such as poor gastrointestinal absorption accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion and firstpass metabolism in the liver achieve a similar or superior therapeutic effect at a fraction of the systemic dose for example, oral salbutamol mg accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion is therapeutically equivalent to xg by mdi a noninvasive needlefree delivery system accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion suitable for a wide range of substances from small molecules to very large accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion proteins enormous absorptive surface area m and a highly permeable membrane to accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion fim thickness in the alveolar region large molecules with very low absorption rates can be absorbed in significant quantities the slow mucociliary clearance in the accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion lung periphery results in prolonged residency in the lung a less harsh, low enzymatic environment avoids firstpass metabolism reproducible absorption kinetics pulmonary delivery is independent of dietary complications, extracellular enzymes and interpatient metabolic differences that affect gastrointestinal absorption entry, the lung has evolved to prevent the invasion of unwanted airborne particles from entering into the body airway geometry, humidity, mucociliary clearance and alveolar accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion macrophages play a vital role in maintaining the sterility of the lung, accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion and consequently, they can be barriers to the therapeutic effectiveness of inhaled medications the size of the drug particle can play an important role in avoiding the physiological barriers of the lung and targeting to the appropriate lung region fig nanoparticles are solid colloidal particles ranging in size from to accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion nm studies have demonstrated that they are taken up by macrophages, cancer cells, accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion and epithelial cells their small size ensures the particles containing the active accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion pharmacological ingredient will reach the alveolar regions however, the use of an aerosol delivery system that generates nanosized particles for inhalation, places these particles at accutane isotretinoin ptsd remeron dermatologists opinion risk of being exhaled, leaving very few drug particles to be deposited in accutane isotretinoin dermatologists opinion the periphery of the lung residence time is not long enough for the particles to be deposited by sedimentation or diffusion aerosols as drug carriers diffusionseemntationinertia!