or placebo o relative to sham instrumented control hearts at top left panel, top right and min bottom left panel mean lvdp of hearts clopidogrel and non elective surgery from to min of reperfusion are shown in the bottom right panel tetrazolium clopidogrel and non elective surgery chloride stained heart slices showed that hearts treated with csil at , and clopidogrel and non elective surgery min had similar injury as that of the sham operated hearts � , � clopidogrel and non elective surgery and � , and � respectively p � ns the infarct size of hearts treated with csil even at min of global ischemia was � of the clopidogrel and non elective surgery ventricles this was significantly smaller than its corresponding control p , whereas hearts treated with control iggl at , and min of global ischemia were � , � and � respectively fig , left panel the corresponding nitroblue tetrazolium chloride stained heart slices are shown in fig , right panel another parameter of myocardial injury clopidogrel and non elective surgery that was determined was mitochondrial size although mitochondrial swelling is a hallmark of ischemic injury, irreversible injury cannot be directly extrapolated from just observation of mitochondrial clopidogrel and non elective surgery size nevertheless, in view of the myocardial functional and his tochemical evidences, mitochondrial clopidogrel and non elective surgery size assessment from transmission electron micrographs add additional support for myocardial preservation clopidogrel and non elective surgery in csil treated hearts, relative to iggl or placebo treated hearts figure shows clopidogrel and non elective surgery the comparison of fig mean infarct sizes of rat hearts treated with csil or iggl or placebo at and min of global ischemia left panel clopidogrel and non elective surgery the corresponding nitroblue tetrazolium chloride stained mid slices of rat hearts treated with clopidogrel and non elective surgery csil or iggl at , and min of global ischemia minimal injury was seen clopidogrel and non elective surgery in and min csil treated hearts, but injury was evident in the min clopidogrel and non elective surgery csil treated heart slice injury is evident in all heart slices treated with iggl right panel, bottom two rows �i i normal cut csil csil csejo igsl tg& iflsi placebo v fig mean mitochondrial size of normal, csil, iggl or placebo treated hearts treatment was as indicated in the text mitochondrial size of normal hearts, csil treatment at and min of global ischemia, as well as iggl treated hearts at , and min of global ischemia and clopidogrel and non elective surgery with placebo no difference in mitochondrial size was observed between normal myocardium � mean number of pixels � sem and myocardium treated at and min of global ischemia � , � , � and � respectively p = ns however, clopidogrel and non elective surgery mitochondria of hearts treated with iggl at , and min of global ischemia or placebo � , � , � and � respectively were larger than mitochondria of csil clopidogrel and non elective surgery treated hearts p these studies showed that myocardial viability preservation is not clopidogrel and non elective surgery restricted to embryonic cardiocytes in cultures adult hearts are also amenable to structural and functional preservation, following cell membrane lesion sealing in a timedependent manner during ischemia this method of cell membrane lesion sealing has also been reported to preserve the integrity of vascular endothelium with antiactinimmunoliposomes a question that remains clopidogrel and non elective surgery concerning the utility of csil is whether immunoliposomes can retain the protective functions clopidogrel and non elective surgery in the presence of plasma proteins in vivo, since experiments have demonstrated that cells in culture and adult hearts perfused with nonprotein oxygenated buffer were clopidogrel and non elective surgery prevented from undergoing myocardial necrosis, following cell membrane lesion sealing intervention with cytoskeletal antigen specific immunoliposomes to demonstrate that cell membrane lesion sealing also occur in clopidogrel and non elective surgery vivo, rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction were used in this study, rabbits were injected with antimyosin csil, plain liposomes or saline at the time of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion by intracoronary infusion the occlusion was kept for min followed by hrs of reperfusion the hearts were excised, sliced into � slices parallel to the short axis and stained with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride clopidogrel and non elective surgery the infarct was approximately to of the infarcts of the control plain liposome or saline treated rabbit hearts subsequently, comparison to iggliposome treated hearts with acute clopidogrel and non elective surgery myocardial infarction demonstrated that the csil treatment resulted in significantly smaller infarct size, as was observed in comparison to plain liposome or saline treated hearts clopidogrel and non elective surgery thus, cytoskeletalantigen specific immunoliposomes, consisting of antimyosin or antiactinimmunoliposomes, were demonstrated to be clopidogrel and non elective surgery able to preserve cell viability and integrity its potential utility in the cardiovascular clopidogrel and non elective surgery system would be enhanced once its efficacy following intravenous delivery has been demonstrated however, the study of asahi et al showed that intravenous delivery of the antiactin immunoliposomes enabled preservation of the integrity of the endothelial cells of the cerebral vessels csil as targeted gene or drug delivery due to the proposed mechanism of cell membrane lesion sealing, we also proposed that if clopidogrel and non elective surgery drugs or gene constructs were to be included in the immunoliposomes such as clopidogrel and non elective surgery csils, then these drugs or gene constructs should be delivered directly into the cytoplasm fig this route should bypass the endocytic route of drugs or clopidogrel and non elective surgery gene construct delivery, thereby reducing destruction of the delivered cargo by the lysosomal enzymes, after formation of endolysosomes using silver grains as model fig transmission electron micrographs of embryonic cardiocyte treated with silver grains impregnated csil left and plain liposome impregnated with silver grains right � = jim drugs, we demonstrated that these drugs can be delivered directly into the cytoplasm of hypoxic cardiocytes treated with silver grains loaded csils figure left shows a transmission electron micrograph of a cardiocyte treated with silver grains impregnated csils silver grains in groups of concentration at about nm were observed however, in cells treated with silver grains impregnated plain liposomes, very few cells were viable of one such cell detected by transmission electron microscopy, the silver grains were observed in the clopidogrel and non elective surgery extracellular space [fig right] fig diagrammatic representation of delivery of intraliposomally entrapped clopidogrel and non elective surgery genetic construct or drugs directly into the cytoplasm of target cell nmuin ftivoih wiiit mi ��� when the silver grains were replaced with genetic constructs, pgl clopidogrel and non elective surgery and psv gal vectors, hypoxic cardiocytes treated with csil impregnated with either vectors clopidogrel and non elective surgery showed luciferase activity or bacterial jgalactosidase activity the successful transfection of the clopidogrel and non elective surgery hypoxic cardiocytes with pgl, a vector for firefly luciferase enzyme � � fig relative light units of luciferase activity of cardiocytes treated with various preparations and controls in csils is shown in fig as relative light units rlus rlus were determined by the use of a luminometer as can be seen, clopidogrel and non elective surgery only hypoxic cardiocytes treated with pglcsils showed increased rlus significantly above normal cells clopidogrel and non elective surgery with treatment with no vectors similarly, normoxic cardiocytes treated with pglcsil, hypoxic cardiocytes and normoxic cardiocytes treated with plain liposomes, or with only vectors, showed clopidogrel and non elective surgery no significant gene transcription and expression when hypoxic cardiocytes were treated with csil clopidogrel and non elective surgery with entrapped psvgal vectors, almost all cells in the field of view under light microscopy exhibited bacterial �galactosidase enzyme activity, following reaction with xgal bromo clopidogrel and non elective surgery chloroindolylbetadgalactopyranoside, nm mgcl,mm iqfetcn h, mm kfecn in phosphate buffered saline ph [fig a] when this mode of gene expression was compared with transfection of clopidogrel and non elective surgery psvjgal vector with cationic liposomes, cationic liposome transfection according to the manufacturers protocol resulted in transfection of protonix vs aciphex only a few cells per field of view clopidogrel and non elective surgery [fig b], in this micrograph, two cells with intense ��galactosidase activity were observed quantitation of the number of cells in the field of view that was successfully trans fected with psvjgal vector in csil, cationic liposome, iggliposomes, plain liposome and vector alone are shown in fig c only csil and cationic transfection showed gene expression csiltransfection or csilfection was more than times more efficient in transfecting cells than cationic liposomes although the intensity of gene expression was low with csilfection, using the initial vector concentration of xg of vectors in mg lipids in ml, when the vector concentration was increased to � clopidogrel and non elective surgery zg, also in mg lipids in ml, the intensity of gene transfection was clopidogrel and non elective surgery increased [fig d], this study showed that approximately x xg ��� � m t� !
or placebo o relative to sham instrumented control hearts at top left panel, top right and min bottom left panel mean lvdp of hearts clopidogrel and non elective surgery from to min of reperfusion are shown in the bottom right panel tetrazolium clopidogrel and non elective surgery chloride stained heart slices showed that hearts treated with csil at , and clopidogrel and non elective surgery min had similar injury as that of the sham operated hearts � , � clopidogrel and non elective surgery and � , and � respectively p � ns the infarct size of hearts treated with csil even at min of global ischemia was � of the clopidogrel and non elective surgery ventricles this was significantly smaller than its corresponding control p , whereas hearts treated with control iggl at , and min of global ischemia were � , � and � respectively fig , left panel the corresponding nitroblue tetrazolium chloride stained heart slices are shown in fig , right panel another parameter of myocardial injury clopidogrel and non elective surgery that was determined was mitochondrial size although mitochondrial swelling is a hallmark of ischemic injury, irreversible injury cannot be directly extrapolated from just observation of mitochondrial clopidogrel and non elective surgery size nevertheless, in view of the myocardial functional and his tochemical evidences, mitochondrial clopidogrel and non elective surgery size assessment from transmission electron micrographs add additional support for myocardial preservation clopidogrel and non elective surgery in csil treated hearts, relative to iggl or placebo treated hearts figure shows clopidogrel and non elective surgery the comparison of fig mean infarct sizes of rat hearts treated with csil or iggl or placebo at and min of global ischemia left panel clopidogrel and non elective surgery the corresponding nitroblue tetrazolium chloride stained mid slices of rat hearts treated with clopidogrel and non elective surgery csil or iggl at , and min of global ischemia minimal injury was seen clopidogrel and non elective surgery in and min csil treated hearts, but injury was evident in the min clopidogrel and non elective surgery csil treated heart slice injury is evident in all heart slices treated with iggl right panel, bottom two rows �i i normal cut csil csil csejo igsl tg& iflsi placebo v fig mean mitochondrial size of normal, csil, iggl or placebo treated hearts treatment was as indicated in the text mitochondrial size of normal hearts, csil treatment at and min of global ischemia, as well as iggl treated hearts at , and min of global ischemia and clopidogrel and non elective surgery with placebo no difference in mitochondrial size was observed between normal myocardium � mean number of pixels � sem and myocardium treated at and min of global ischemia � , � , � and � respectively p = ns however, clopidogrel and non elective surgery mitochondria of hearts treated with iggl at , and min of global ischemia or placebo � , � , � and � respectively were larger than mitochondria of csil clopidogrel and non elective surgery treated hearts p these studies showed that myocardial viability preservation is not clopidogrel and non elective surgery restricted to embryonic cardiocytes in cultures adult hearts are also amenable to structural and functional preservation, following cell membrane lesion sealing in a timedependent manner during ischemia this method of cell membrane lesion sealing has also been reported to preserve the integrity of vascular endothelium with antiactinimmunoliposomes a question that remains clopidogrel and non elective surgery concerning the utility of csil is whether immunoliposomes can retain the protective functions clopidogrel and non elective surgery in the presence of plasma proteins in vivo, since experiments have demonstrated that cells in culture and adult hearts perfused with nonprotein oxygenated buffer were clopidogrel and non elective surgery prevented from undergoing myocardial necrosis, following cell membrane lesion sealing intervention with cytoskeletal antigen specific immunoliposomes to demonstrate that cell membrane lesion sealing also occur in clopidogrel and non elective surgery vivo, rabbits with experimental myocardial infarction were used in this study, rabbits were injected with antimyosin csil, plain liposomes or saline at the time of left circumflex coronary artery occlusion by intracoronary infusion the occlusion was kept for min followed by hrs of reperfusion the hearts were excised, sliced into � slices parallel to the short axis and stained with nitroblue tetrazolium chloride clopidogrel and non elective surgery the infarct was approximately to of the infarcts of the control plain liposome or saline treated rabbit hearts subsequently, comparison to iggliposome treated hearts with acute clopidogrel and non elective surgery myocardial infarction demonstrated that the csil treatment resulted in significantly smaller infarct size, as was observed in comparison to plain liposome or saline treated hearts clopidogrel and non elective surgery thus, cytoskeletalantigen specific immunoliposomes, consisting of antimyosin or antiactinimmunoliposomes, were demonstrated to be clopidogrel and non elective surgery able to preserve cell viability and integrity its potential utility in the cardiovascular clopidogrel and non elective surgery system would be enhanced once its efficacy following intravenous delivery has been demonstrated however, the study of asahi et al showed that intravenous delivery of the antiactin immunoliposomes enabled preservation of the integrity of the endothelial cells of the cerebral vessels csil as targeted gene or drug delivery due to the proposed mechanism of cell membrane lesion sealing, we also proposed that if clopidogrel and non elective surgery drugs or gene constructs were to be included in the immunoliposomes such as clopidogrel and non elective surgery csils, then these drugs or gene constructs should be delivered directly into the cytoplasm fig this route should bypass the endocytic route of drugs or clopidogrel and non elective surgery gene construct delivery, thereby reducing destruction of the delivered cargo by the lysosomal enzymes, after formation of endolysosomes using silver grains as model fig transmission electron micrographs of embryonic cardiocyte treated with silver grains impregnated csil left and plain liposome impregnated with silver grains right � = jim drugs, we demonstrated that these drugs can be delivered directly into the cytoplasm of hypoxic cardiocytes treated with silver grains loaded csils figure left shows a transmission electron micrograph of a cardiocyte treated with silver grains impregnated csils silver grains in groups of concentration at about nm were observed however, in cells treated with silver grains impregnated plain liposomes, very few cells were viable of one such cell detected by transmission electron microscopy, the silver grains were observed in the clopidogrel and non elective surgery extracellular space [fig right] fig diagrammatic representation of delivery of intraliposomally entrapped clopidogrel and non elective surgery genetic construct or drugs directly into the cytoplasm of target cell nmuin ftivoih wiiit mi ��� when the silver grains were replaced with genetic constructs, pgl clopidogrel and non elective surgery and psv gal vectors, hypoxic cardiocytes treated with csil impregnated with either vectors clopidogrel and non elective surgery showed luciferase activity or bacterial jgalactosidase activity the successful transfection of the clopidogrel and non elective surgery hypoxic cardiocytes with pgl, a vector for firefly luciferase enzyme � � fig relative light units of luciferase activity of cardiocytes treated with various preparations and controls in csils is shown in fig as relative light units rlus rlus were determined by the use of a luminometer as can be seen, clopidogrel and non elective surgery only hypoxic cardiocytes treated with pglcsils showed increased rlus significantly above normal cells clopidogrel and non elective surgery with treatment with no vectors similarly, normoxic cardiocytes treated with pglcsil, hypoxic cardiocytes and normoxic cardiocytes treated with plain liposomes, or with only vectors, showed clopidogrel and non elective surgery no significant gene transcription and expression when hypoxic cardiocytes were treated with csil clopidogrel and non elective surgery with entrapped psvgal vectors, almost all cells in the field of view under light microscopy exhibited bacterial �galactosidase enzyme activity, following reaction with xgal bromo clopidogrel and non elective surgery chloroindolylbetadgalactopyranoside, nm mgcl,mm iqfetcn h, mm kfecn in phosphate buffered saline ph [fig a] when this mode of gene expression was compared with transfection of clopidogrel and non elective surgery psvjgal vector with cationic liposomes, cationic liposome transfection according to the manufacturers protocol resulted in transfection of protonix vs aciphex only a few cells per field of view clopidogrel and non elective surgery [fig b], in this micrograph, two cells with intense ��galactosidase activity were observed quantitation of the number of cells in the field of view that was successfully trans fected with psvjgal vector in csil, cationic liposome, iggliposomes, plain liposome and vector alone are shown in fig c only csil and cationic transfection showed gene expression csiltransfection or csilfection was more than times more efficient in transfecting cells than cationic liposomes although the intensity of gene expression was low with csilfection, using the initial vector concentration of xg of vectors in mg lipids in ml, when the vector concentration was increased to � clopidogrel and non elective surgery zg, also in mg lipids in ml, the intensity of gene transfection was clopidogrel and non elective surgery increased [fig d], this study showed that approximately x xg ��� � m t� !